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Enzymatic reactionDetermination of the cytotoxicity after contact of the test element. The assay is based on the ability of viable cells to incorporate and bind the supravital neutral red dye in the lysosomes.Early stage fertile hens eggs are used to determine if a substance is a severe ocular irritant or corrosive. Effects are measured by the onset of (1) hemorrhage; (2) coagulation; and (3) vessel lysis.Because early stage eggs are used this test is considered a non-animal test. Semi-quantitative assessment of the cytotoxicity (loss of viable cells) due to a test product after diffusion on agarose gel in contact with a fibroblasts monolayer. MTT, a yellow tetrazole dye that is reduced to an insoluble purple formazan product by the mitochondria of living cells, is used to evaluate cells viability.Assessment of the ability of a test chemical to induce cytotoxicity in a RhCE tissue. Tissue viability is measured by enzymatic conversion of the vital dye MTT by the viable cells of the tissue into a blue MTT formazan salt. Assessment of the ability of a test chemical to induce cytotoxicity in a RhCE tissue. Tissue viability is measured by enzymatic conversion of the vital dye MTT by the viable cells of the tissue into a blue MTT formazan salt. The method provides a UV spectral absorbance curve from which the UVA Protection Factor (UVA-PF) is determined.Test on reconstructed human epidermis (RHE). The cellular viability is measured by the the enzymatic change of the MTT colorant in the blue Formazan salt, measured after the tissue extraction.An adequate substrate on which the product has been spread is used. Measures are made by means of a spectrophotometric method.A UV spectral absorbance curve allows us to determine the Critical Wavelength (CW).This test is based upon an in vitro spectrophotometric measurement technique. After that, the product may be labeled as «Broad Spectrum» with SPF value on the front label.The level of photostability is measured from the collective effectiveness of UVA and UVB before and after UV exposure. This method consists in evaluating the IR protection levels expressed by the IR-CW (UV/VIS/IR balance) and the % IR (percentage of intensity of IR protection) from a sunscreen product through the full spectrum (from 290 nm to 2500 nm) measured by means of a spectrophotometric methodThis method consists in evaluating the Blue Light protection levels expressed by the BL-CW (UV/VIS balance) and the % BL (percentage of intensity of BL protection) from a sunscreen product through the spectrum (from 290 nm to 500 nm) measured by means of a spectrophotometric method. The method consists in assessing the Sun Protection Factor (SPF) before and after water immersion. The method consists in assessing the Sun Protection Factor (SPF) before and after double water immersions.Realisation of an automated textile rubbing on surface substrates with a controled pressure, speed and time. This method is based on the comparison of the Sun Protection Factor (SPF) on a dry then a wet substrate and the calculation of Wet Skin percentage. A spectrophotometric method, if the sunscreen product preserves its UV protection in extreme conditions.An adequate substrate on which the product has been spread is used. Measures are made by means of a spectrophotometric method.The method is based upon an in vitro spectrophotometric measurement technique in which the tested product is spread using adequate substrate.A test product is put in contact with calves’ corneas. The measurement of the opacity and permeability of the corneas to fluorescein is used to evaluate the corneal damage and, therefore, the irritant potential of the test product.The test substance is applied on the cornea of an enucleated chicken eye’s. Toxic effects to the cornea are measured through several parameters.The test substance is put in contact with a confluent monolayer of Statens Seruminstitut Rabbit Cornea (SIRC) cells. After five minutes, cytotoxicity is measured.to be completedThe test product is put in contact with a water-insoluble protein, zein protein, obtained from yellow corn, that is similar to keratin present in the skin and hair. Zein protein solubilization (= denaturation) gives information about the test product : the irritation potential of the product is directly proportional to the quantity of dissolved (denaturated) proteins.The test material (solid or liquid) is applied uniformly and topically to a three-dimensional human skin model. Corrosive materials are identified by their ability to produce a decrease in cell viability below defined threshold levels at specified exposure periods. https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/fr/environment/test-no-431-in-vitro-skin-corrosion-human-skin-model-test_9789264071148-enThis method evaluate photo-cytotoxicity by the relative reduction in viability of cells exposed to the chemical in the presence versus absence of light. Cytotoxicity in this test is expressed as a concentration-dependent reduction of the uptake of the Vital dye Neutral Red (NR) when measured 24 hours after treatment with the test chemical and irradiation. https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/fr/environment/test-no-432-in-vitro-3t3-nru-phototoxicity-test_9789264071162-enThe acute toxic response is defined after the first exposure of the reconstructed skin model to certain chemicals and subsequent exposure to light. The DPRA is proposed to address the molecular initiating event leading to the skin sensitisation, namely protein reactivity, by quantifying the reactivity of test chemicals towards model synthetic peptides containing either lysine or cysteine. https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/fr/environment/test-no-442c-in-chemico-skin-sensitisation_9789264229709-enThe luciferase signal reflects the activation by sensitisers of endogenous Nrf2 dependent genes. This allows quantitative measurement (by luminescence detection) of luciferase gene induction, using well established light producing luciferase substrates, as an indicator of the activity of the Nrf2 transcription factor in cells following exposure to electrophilic test substances. : KeratinoSens or LuSens. https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/fr/environment/test-no-442d-in-vitro-skin-sensitisation_9789264229822-en.These test methods either quantify the change in the expression of cell surface marker(s) associated with the process of activation of monocytes and DC following exposure to sensitisers (e.g. CD54, CD86) or the changes in IL-8 expression, a cytokine associated with the activation of DC. https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/fr/environment/test-no-442e-in-vitro-skin-sensitisation_9789264264359-enQuantitatively measurement quantitatively the over expression of 62 specific biomarkers of skin sensitization and irritation by RT-PCRBacterial Reverse Mutation Test. The bacterial reverse mutation test detects point mutations by base substitutions or frameshifts.The assay detects the activity of clastogenic and aneugenic test substances in cells that have undergone cell division during or after exposure to the test substance.Cytotoxicity is determined by measuring the relative cloning efficiency (survival) or relative total growth of the cultures after the treatment period. Tests Using the Thymidine Kinase Gene.Purpose : identify agents that cause structural chromosome aberrations (chromosome or chromatid aberrations) in cultured mammalian somatic cells. Cell cultures are exposed to at least three concentrations of the test substance. At predetermined intervals after exposure, metaphase cells are analysed microscopically for the presence of chromosome aberrations. Caspase-14 a member of the caspase family of cysteine proteases, is almost exclusively expressed in the epidermis ; it is detected in the upper spinous and, most strongly, in the granular layer of human epidermis, as well as in the stratum corneum. Caspase-14 is converted from a catalytically inactive proenzyme into the active enzyme, which is present in high amount in human stratum corneum. It can be involved in the establishment or maturation of corneodesmosomes, the cornified envelope and keratin filaments. It might also be implicated in the maturation of keratohyalin and trichohyalin granules.Caspase-14 a member of the caspase family of cysteine proteases, is almost exclusively expressed in the epidermis ; it is detected in the upper spinous and, most strongly, in the granular layer of human epidermis, as well as in the stratum corneum. Caspase-14 is converted from a catalytically inactive proenzyme into the active enzyme, which is present in high amount in human stratum corneum. It can be involved in the establishment or maturation of corneodesmosomes, the cornified envelope and keratin filaments. It might also be implicated in the maturation of keratohyalin and trichohyalin granules.Caspase-14 a member of the caspase family of cysteine proteases, is almost exclusively expressed in the epidermis ; it is detected in the upper spinous and, most strongly, in the granular layer of human epidermis, as well as in the stratum corneum. Caspase-14 is converted from a catalytically inactive proenzyme into the active enzyme, which is present in high amount in human stratum corneum. It can be involved in the establishment or maturation of corneodesmosomes, the cornified envelope and keratin filaments. It might also be implicated in the maturation of keratohyalin and trichohyalin granules.to be completedto be completedto be completedto be completedto be completedto be completedto be completedto be completedto be completedThe analysis of this biomarker is carried out by a specific method whose details will be given to you by the testing laboratory. Please contact them directly.to be completedto be completedto be completedThe analysis of this biomarker is carried out by a specific method whose details will be given to you by the testing laboratory. Please contact them directly.to be completedto be completedto be completedThe analysis of this biomarker is carried out by a specific method whose details will be given to you by the testing laboratory. 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Please contact them directly.to be completedto be completedto be completedto be completedto be completedto be completedto be completedto be completedto be completedto be completedto be completedThe analysis of this biomarker is carried out by a specific method whose details will be given to you by the testing laboratory. Please contact them directly.to be completedto be completedto be completedThe analysis of this biomarker is carried out by a specific method whose details will be given to you by the testing laboratory. Please contact them directly.to be completedto be completedto be completedThe analysis of this biomarker is carried out by a specific method whose details will be given to you by the testing laboratory. Please contact them directly.to be completedto be completedto be completedThe analysis of this biomarker is carried out by a specific method whose details will be given to you by the testing laboratory. Please contact them directly.To be completedLangerin (CD207) is a C-type lectin receptor expressed on Langerhans cells and a specific population of dermal dendritic cells. It may therefore be used as a marker of those cells. It is also directly involved in specific processes such as the skin induced tolerance to protein antigens. To be completedThe analysis of this biomarker is carried out by a specific method whose details will be given to you by the testing laboratory. Please contact them directly.To be completedSkin contains at least 20 matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) which degrade extracellular matrix (ECM) component under normal circumstances and thus allow ECM remodelling. A high MMP level has also been correlated with various skin inflammatory diseases as some peptides released by the activity of some MMPs (including MMP-2, MMP-9 or MMP-12) and called matrikines are able to induce inflammatory processes. To be completedThe analysis of this biomarker is carried out by a specific method whose details will be given to you by the testing laboratory. Please contact them directly.To be completedPsoriasin (S100A7), is an antimicrobial peptide expressed by keratinocytes and involved in many functions including wound healing, cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, but also immune responses with cytokine/chemokine production, neutrophile migration and inflammation. Expressed at a low level in healthy skin, psoriasin is overexpressed in some tumors and inflammatory diseases such a psoriasis.To be completedThe analysis of this biomarker is carried out by a specific method whose details will be given to you by the testing laboratory. Please contact them directly.To be completedConstantly released by keratinocytes, the human ribonuclease RNase 7 accumulates on the skin surface. Its expression can be induced by cytokines, growth factors or microbial factors and it has been found at a high level in cutaneous inflammatory diseases such as psoriasis or atopic dermatitis. It exhibits a potent antimicrobial activity against various microorganisms including bacteria and virus, thus controlling skin microbiota composition. RNase 7 also exerts immunomodulatory activities. To be completedThe analysis of this biomarker is carried out by a specific method whose details will be given to you by the testing laboratory. Please contact them directly.To be completedSirtuin 1 is produced by keratinocytes and, among various functions, is required for skin barrier formation and inflammatory response. Indeed, by stimulating filaggrin expression, it allows appropriate skin cornification avoiding the development of inflammatory diseases such as atopic dermatitis. Moreover, it is required for the production of many cytokines and the recruitment of macrophages, neutrophils and mast cells. To be completedThe analysis of this biomarker is carried out by a specific method whose details will be given to you by the testing laboratory. Please contact them directly.Decorin is a key extracellular matrix component playing a role in fibrotic disorders, in cancer cancer as it present antitumor, antimetastatic and antiangiogenic properties, but also in inflammation as it can stimulate pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNFalpha or IL-6. Initially identified as a natural inhibitor of TGF-β, soluble decorin is also able to target EGFR, IGF-IR, VEGFR2, and PDGFR, thus modulating various signaling pathways and inducing caveosomal internalization and receptor degradation. To be completedTo be completedTo be completedTo be completedLL37 / hCAP18 is the single known human cathelicidin. It is a small antimicrobial peptide released by neutrophils, macrophages or keratinocytes. Besides direct antimicrobial effects it is also involved in inflammatory response, immune regulation, angiogenesis, tissue repair or cancer regulation. Skin inflammatory diseases such atopic dermatitis or psoriasis have been respectively correlated to a lack of LL37 or LL37 overexpression. To be completedThe analysis of this biomarker is carried out by a specific method whose details will be given to you by the testing laboratory. Please contact them directly.To be completedElafin (SKALP) is mainly produced by epithelial cells and keratinocytes but almost undetectable in normal skin. Its level increases in psoriatic lesions and is enhanced by IL-1 and TNF-alpha (i.e. a pro-inflammatory microenvironment). It inhibits various proteases including elastase and thus protects tissues against the damage caused by pathological acute and chronic inflammation, limits immune response during chronic inflammation and exhibits antimicrobial effects.To be completedThe analysis of this biomarker is carried out by a specific method whose details will be given to you by the testing laboratory. Please contact them directly.To be completedDerived from the cleavage of profilaggrin, a molecule present in the keratohyaline granules of granular keratinocytes, filaggrin is a known marker of terminal differentiation of keratinocytes and a major constituent of stratum corneum. It thus participates in the skin's barrier function. Under the action of proteases including caspase 14, filaggrin produces a mix of amino acids constituting NMF (Natural Moisturizing Factor) and is thus involved in skin hydration. Impairment of epidermal barrier function owing to filaggrin deficiency can promote inflammation and T cell infiltration and induce atopic dermatitis. To be completedThe analysis of this biomarker is carried out by a specific method whose details will be given to you by the testing laboratory. Please contact them directly.Mainly involved in skin hydration, lubrication of joints and space filling, Hyaluronic Acid (HA) also constitutes a framework through which cells migrate. Almost all cells can attach HA via membrane receptors (either CD44 or RHAMM), including inflammatory cells which may be activated to enhance immune response. Interestingly, HA of high molecular size (>1,000kDa) is antiangiogenic and immunosuppressive, whereas smaller polymers of HA which accumulates during inflammation are potent inducers of inflammation and angiogenesis. To be completedThe analysis of this biomarker is carried out by a specific method whose details will be given to you by the testing laboratory. Please contact them directly.To be completedTo be completedThe analysis of this biomarker is carried out by a specific method whose details will be given to you by the testing laboratory. Please contact them directly.To be completedTo be completedTo be completedThe analysis of this biomarker is carried out by a specific method whose details will be given to you by the testing laboratory. Please contact them directly.to be completedto be completedto be completedTo be completedTo be completedTo be completedThe analysis of this biomarker is carried out by a specific method whose details will be given to you by the testing laboratory. Please contact them directly.To be completedTo be completedTo be completedThe analysis of this biomarker is carried out by a specific method whose details will be given to you by the testing laboratory. Please contact them directly.To be completedTo be completedTo be completedThe analysis of this biomarker is carried out by a specific method whose details will be given to you by the testing laboratory. Please contact them directly.To be completedThe analysis of this biomarker is carried out by a specific method whose details will be given to you by the testing laboratory. Please contact them directly.To be completedTo be completedTo be completedTo be completedThe analysis of this biomarker is carried out by a specific method whose details will be given to you by the testing laboratory. Please contact them directly.Please contact directly the testing laboratory to define the details of this assay.To be completedTo be completedTo be completedTo be completedTo be completedTo be completedTo be completedTo be completedTo be completedThe analysis of this biomarker is carried out by a specific method whose details will be given to you by the testing laboratory. Please contact them directly.Please contact directly the testing laboratory to define the details of these specific studies.Please contact directly the testing laboratory to define the details of this assay.Please contact directly the testing laboratory to define the details of these specific studies.Please contact directly the testing laboratory to define the details of this assay.Please contact directly the testing laboratory to define the details of these specific studies.Please contact directly the testing laboratory to define the details of these specific studies.To be completedTo be completedTo be completedTo be completedTo be completedTo be completedTo be completedTo be completedTo be completedTo be completedTo be completedTo be completedTo be completedTo be completedTo be completedTo be completedTo be completedTo be completedTo be completedTo be completedTo be completedTo be completedTo be completedThe analysis of this biomarker is carried out by a specific method whose details will be given to you by the testing laboratory. Please contact them directly.The analysis of this biomarker is carried out by a specific method whose details will be given to you by the testing laboratory. Please contact them directly.The analysis of this biomarker is carried out by a specific method whose details will be given to you by the testing laboratory. Please contact them directly.The analysis of this biomarker is carried out by a specific method whose details will be given to you by the testing laboratory. Please contact them directly.The analysis of this biomarker is carried out by a specific method whose details will be given to you by the testing laboratory. Please contact them directly.The analysis of this biomarker is carried out by a specific method whose details will be given to you by the testing laboratory. Please contact them directly.The analysis of this biomarker is carried out by a specific method whose details will be given to you by the testing laboratory. Please contact them directly.The analysis of this biomarker is carried out by a specific method whose details will be given to you by the testing laboratory. Please contact them directly.The analysis of this biomarker is carried out by a specific method whose details will be given to you by the testing laboratory. Please contact them directly.The analysis of this biomarker is carried out by a specific method whose details will be given to you by the testing laboratory. Please contact them directly.The analysis of this biomarker is carried out by a specific method whose details will be given to you by the testing laboratory. Please contact them directly.The analysis of this biomarker is carried out by a specific method whose details will be given to you by the testing laboratory. Please contact them directly.The analysis of this biomarker is carried out by a specific method whose details will be given to you by the testing laboratory. Please contact them directly.The analysis of this biomarker is carried out by a specific method whose details will be given to you by the testing laboratory. Please contact them directly.Derived from the cleavage of profilaggrin, a molecule present in the keratohyaline granules of granular keratinocytes, filaggrin is a known marker of terminal differentiation of keratinocytes and a major constituent of stratum corneum. It thus participates in the skin's barrier function. Under the action of proteases including caspase 14, filaggrin produces a mix of amino acids constituting NMF (Natural Moisturizing Factor) and is thus involved in skin hydration. The key molecule involved in skin moisture is hyaluronic acid (HA). It corresponds to the main skin extracellular matrix glycosaminoglycan and has unique capacity in retaining water, thus allowing for proper skin suppleness and stiffness. The key molecule involved in skin moisture is hyaluronic acid (HA). It corresponds to the main skin extracellular matrix glycosaminoglycan and has unique capacity in retaining water, thus allowing for proper skin suppleness and stiffness. Please contact directly the testing laboratory to define the details of this assay.Please contact directly the testing laboratory to define the details of these specific studies.Please contact directly the testing laboratory to define the details of this assay.Please contact directly the testing laboratory to define the details of these specific studies.Skin ageing is associated with an increase in senescent cell percentage. As β-galactosidase activity increases significantly in senescent cells, this marker is commonly used to assess the extent of skin ageing. An anti-ageing product can therefore decrease this activity.To be completedThe analysis of this biomarker is carried out by a specific method whose details will be given to you by the testing laboratory. Please contact them directly.Synthesised by the keratinocytes of the spinous layer and then secreted via the lamellar bodies, corneodesmosin is then incorporated into the corneodesmosomes which ensure cohesion between the corneocytes of the stratum corneum. During skin ageing, a degradation of this protein, notably linked to an increase in skin pH which activates certain proteases, leads to a weakening of the skin barrier. An anti-ageing agent can slow down the degradation of corneodesmosin and thus help maintain the skin barrier. To be completedTo be completedThe analysis of this biomarker is carried out by a specific method whose details will be given to you by the testing laboratory. Please contact them directly.Sirtuin 1 is an enzyme with many functions. It limits oxidative stress, DNA damage, apoptosis, participates in inflammation, promotes barrier function, wound healing and endothelial function. By targeting this enzyme, anti-ageing products can promote its action and thus limit skin ageing. To be completedTo be completedThe analysis of this biomarker is carried out by a specific method whose details will be given to you by the testing laboratory. Please contact them directly.Please contact directly the testing laboratory to define the details of this assay.Please contact directly the testing laboratory to define the details of these specific studies.To be completedThe analysis of this biomarker is carried out by a specific method whose details will be given to you by the testing laboratory. Please contact them directly.To be completedTo be completedTo be completedThe analysis of this biomarker is carried out by a specific method whose details will be given to you by the testing laboratory. Please contact them directly.To be completedThe analysis of this biomarker is carried out by a specific method whose details will be given to you by the testing laboratory. Please contact them directly.To be completedThe analysis of this biomarker is carried out by a specific method whose details will be given to you by the testing laboratory. Please contact them directly.To be completedThe analysis of this biomarker is carried out by a specific method whose details will be given to you by the testing laboratory. Please contact them directly.To be completedThe analysis of this biomarker is carried out by a specific method whose details will be given to you by the testing laboratory. Please contact them directly.Caspase 9 is a protease initiating the activation cascade which leads to apoptosis. It can therefore be used as a marker for apoptotic cells. An anti-ageing product can aim to regulate apoptosis which is naturally altered during skin ageing.To be completedTo be completedThe analysis of this biomarker is carried out by a specific method whose details will be given to you by the testing laboratory. Please contact them directly.To be completedTo be completedTo be completedThe analysis of this biomarker is carried out by a specific method whose details will be given to you by the testing laboratory. Please contact them directly.To be completedThe analysis of this biomarker is carried out by a specific method whose details will be given to you by the testing laboratory. Please contact them directly.The cluster of differentiation 44 (CD44) is on all skin cells. This membrane receptor is involved in cell adhesion and migration, skin inflammation or metastasis, and skin hydration as a key cell receptor for hyaluronic acid.The analysis of this biomarker is carried out by a specific method whose details will be given to you by the testing laboratory. Please contact them directly.The extracellular matrix synthesised by fibroblasts contains carbohydrate macromolecules called glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) which are generally covalently linked to a protein to form proteoglycans. These molecules (especially hyaluronic acid) contribute to the suppleness and firmness of the skin by promoting its hydration. The extracellular matrix synthesised by fibroblasts contains carbohydrate macromolecules called glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) which are generally covalently linked to a protein to form proteoglycans. These molecules (especially hyaluronic acid) contribute to the suppleness and firmness of the skin by promoting its hydration.Synthesised in the keratinocyte cytoplasm of stratum granulosum, involucrin is a major constituent of the cornified enveloppe, leads to the death of the keratinocytes and serves as a primer for the binding of other proteins such as loricrin. Known as differentiation marker of keratinocytes, it thus plays an active role in the skin's barrier function. Synthesised in the keratinocyte cytoplasm of stratum granulosum, involucrin is a major constituent of the cornified enveloppe, leads to the death of the keratinocytes and serves as a primer for the binding of other proteins such as loricrin. Known as differentiation marker of keratinocytes, it thus plays an active role in the skin's barrier function. Synthesised in the keratinocyte cytoplasm of stratum granulosum, involucrin is a major constituent of the cornified enveloppe, leads to the death of the keratinocytes and serves as a primer for the binding of other proteins such as loricrin. Known as differentiation marker of keratinocytes, it thus plays an active role in the skin's barrier function.To be completedTo be completedTo be completedTo be completedTo be completedThe analysis of this biomarker is carried out by a specific method whose details will be given to you by the testing laboratory. Please contact them directly.To be completedTo be completedTo be completedThe analysis of this biomarker is carried out by a specific method whose details will be given to you by the testing laboratory. Please contact them directly.To be completedTo be completedTo be completedThe analysis of this biomarker is carried out by a specific method whose details will be given to you by the testing laboratory. Please contact them directly.To be completedTo be completedTo be completedThe analysis of this biomarker is carried out by a specific method whose details will be given to you by the testing laboratory. Please contact them directly.To be completedTo be completedTo be completedThe analysis of this biomarker is carried out by a specific method whose details will be given to you by the testing laboratory. Please contact them directly.To be completedThe analysis of this biomarker is carried out by a specific method whose details will be given to you by the testing laboratory. Please contact them directly.To be completedThe analysis of this biomarker is carried out by a specific method whose details will be given to you by the testing laboratory. Please contact them directly.To be completedThe analysis of this biomarker is carried out by a specific method whose details will be given to you by the testing laboratory. Please contact them directly.To be completedThe analysis of this biomarker is carried out by a specific method whose details will be given to you by the testing laboratory. Please contact them directly.To be completedThe analysis of this biomarker is carried out by a specific method whose details will be given to you by the testing laboratory. Please contact them directly.To be completedTo be completedTo be completedThe analysis of this biomarker is carried out by a specific method whose details will be given to you by the testing laboratory. Please contact them directly.To be completedTo be completedTo be completedThe analysis of this biomarker is carried out by a specific method whose details will be given to you by the testing laboratory. Please contact them directly.To be completedTo be completedTo be completedThe analysis of this biomarker is carried out by a specific method whose details will be given to you by the testing laboratory. Please contact them directly.To be completedThe analysis of this biomarker is carried out by a specific method whose details will be given to you by the testing laboratory. Please contact them directly.To be completedThe analysis of this biomarker is carried out by a specific method whose details will be given to you by the testing laboratory. Please contact them directly.To be completedThe analysis of this biomarker is carried out by a specific method whose details will be given to you by the testing laboratory. Please contact them directly.Please contact directly the testing laboratory to define the details of these specific studies.Please contact directly the testing laboratory to define the details of this assay.Please contact directly the testing laboratory to define the details of this assay.Please contact directly the testing laboratory to define the details of these specific studies.Please contact directly the testing laboratory to define the details of this assay.Please contact directly the testing laboratory to define the details of these specific studies.In acne-prone skin, hyperkeratinisation correlated with a decrease in the ratio of cytokeratin 1 or 10 to cytokeratin 14 is observed. An anti-acne product should restore a normal ratio. The analysis of this biomarker is carried out by a specific method whose details will be given to you by the testing laboratory. Please contact them directly.Beta defensin 2 is an antimicrobial peptide with pro-inflammatory and chemotactic properties presenting greater amounts in the epidermis of acne-prone skin. An anti-acne product should decrease this amount. Beta defensin 2 is an antimicrobial peptide with pro-inflammatory and chemotactic properties presenting greater amounts in the epidermis of acne-prone skin. An anti-acne product should decrease this amount. Beta defensin 2 is an antimicrobial peptide with pro-inflammatory and chemotactic properties presenting greater amounts in the epidermis of acne-prone skin. An anti-acne product should decrease this amount. Beta defensin 2 is an antimicrobial peptide with pro-inflammatory and chemotactic properties presenting greater amounts in the epidermis of acne-prone skin. An anti-acne product should decrease this amount. The analysis of this biomarker is carried out by a specific method whose details will be given to you by the testing laboratory. Please contact them directly.In acne-prone skin, MMP1 and MMP3 are overexpressed, inducing remodelling of the extracellular matrix in the dermis. Anti-acne products can decrease the expression level of these enzymes.In acne-prone skin, MMP1 and MMP3 are overexpressed, inducing remodelling of the extracellular matrix in the dermis. Anti-acne products can decrease the expression level of these enzymes. In acne-prone skin, MMP1 and MMP3 are overexpressed, inducing remodelling of the extracellular matrix in the dermis. Anti-acne products can decrease the expression level of these enzymes.The analysis of this biomarker is carried out by a specific method whose details will be given to you by the testing laboratory. Please contact them directly.Squalene overproduction and oxydation are observed in acne-prone skin. An anti-acne product decreases both the amount of squalene produced and the ratio of peroxidised squalene to squalene.Acne is an inflammatory disease, characterised by higher levels of inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin 8. An anti-acne product should reduce this level. Acne is an inflammatory disease, characterised by higher levels of inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin 8. An anti-acne product should reduce this level. Acne is an inflammatory disease, characterised by higher levels of inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin 8. An anti-acne product should reduce this level. The analysis of this biomarker is carried out by a specific method whose details will be given to you by the testing laboratory. Please contact them directly.Acne is an inflammatory disease, characterised by higher levels of inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin 8. An anti-acne product should reduce this level. In acne-prone skin, the IA strain of P. acnes is more abundant and stimulates the production of IGF-1 by keratinocytes. An anti-acne product can reduce this production, which is correlated with keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation.In acne-prone skin, the IA strain of P. acnes is more abundant and stimulates the production of IGF-1 by keratinocytes. An anti-acne product can reduce this production, which is correlated with keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation.In acne-prone skin, the IA strain of P. acnes is more abundant and stimulates the production of IGF-1 by keratinocytes. An anti-acne product can reduce this production, which is correlated with keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation. The analysis of this biomarker is carried out by a specific method whose details will be given to you by the testing laboratory. Please contact them directly.In acne-prone skin, the IA strain of the P. acnes bacterium is more present and stimulates the production of involucrin by the keratinocytes. An anti-acne product can reduce this production, which is correlated with the differentiation of keratinocytes.In acne-prone skin, the IA strain of the P. acnes bacterium is more present and stimulates the production of involucrin by the keratinocytes. An anti-acne product can reduce this production, which is correlated with the differentiation of keratinocytes.In acne-prone skin, the IA strain of the P. acnes bacterium is more present and stimulates the production of involucrin by the keratinocytes. An anti-acne product can reduce this production, which is correlated with the differentiation of keratinocytes.The analysis of this biomarker is carried out by a specific method whose details will be given to you by the testing laboratory. Please contact them directly.KGF is a growth factor stimulating sebocyte and keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation. In acne-prone skin, overproliferation of keratinocytes and overproduction of sebum related to the proliferation and differentiation of sebocytes are observed. KGF is a growth factor stimulating sebocyte and keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation. In acne-prone skin, overproliferation of keratinocytes and overproduction of sebum related to the proliferation and differentiation of sebocytes are observed. KGF is a growth factor stimulating sebocyte and keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation. In acne-prone skin, overproliferation of keratinocytes and overproduction of sebum related to the proliferation and differentiation of sebocytes are observed. The analysis of this biomarker is carried out by a specific method whose details will be given to you by the testing laboratory. Please contact them directly.C. acnes is the dominant resident bacterial species in the sebaceous follicles. It includes various subtypes. The proportion of phylotype IA1, which virulence and inflammatory potential is higher than other phylotypes, is usually more abundant in acne-prone skin. An anti-acneic product acts by decreasing phylotype IA1 proportion.C. acnes is the dominant resident bacterial species in the sebaceous follicles. It includes various subtypes. The proportion of phylotype IA1, which virulence and inflammatory potential is higher than other phylotypes, is usually more abundant in acne-prone skin. An anti-acneic product acts by decreasing phylotype IA1 proportion.C. acnes is the dominant resident bacterial species in the sebaceous follicles. It includes various subtypes. The proportion of phylotype IA1, which virulence and inflammatory potential is higher than other phylotypes, is usually more abundant in acne-prone skin. An anti-acneic product acts by decreasing phylotype IA1 proportion. The analysis of this biomarker is carried out by a specific method whose details will be given to you by the testing laboratory. Please contact them directly.Please contact directly the testing laboratory to define the details of this assayPlease contact directly the testing laboratory to define the details of these specific studies.In acne-prone skin, high levels of testosterone, which is then converted to dihydrotestosterone (DHT) by 5-alpha reductase, leads to an overproduction of sebum. An acne product can restore normal sebum production by specifically targeting 5-alpha reductase. In acne-prone skin, high levels of testosterone, which is then converted to dihydrotestosterone (DHT) by 5-alpha reductase, leads to an overproduction of sebum. An acne product can restore normal sebum production by specifically targeting 5-alpha reductase. The analysis of this biomarker is carried out by a specific method whose details will be given to you by the testing laboratory. Please contact them directly.Please contact directly the testing laboratory to define the details of this assay.Please contact directly the testing laboratory to define the details of this assay.To be completedTo be completedTo be completedThe analysis of this biomarker is carried out by a specific method whose details will be given to you by the testing laboratory. Please contact them directly.Squalene overproduction and oxydation are observed in acne-prone skin. An anti-acne product decreases both the amount of squalene produced and the ratio of peroxidised squalene to squalene. The analysis of this biomarker is carried out by a specific method whose details will be given to you by the testing laboratory. Please contact them directly.Biodegradability is used to assess the environmental characteristics of decomposition and mineralization by microorganisms of organic substances. The OECD distinguishes between “easy” biodegradability and “intrinsic” biodegradability. OECD testing methods are chosen based on the properties of each substance.Biodegradability is used to assess the environmental characteristics of decomposition and mineralization by microorganisms of organic substances. The OECD distinguishes between “easy” biodegradability and “intrinsic” biodegradability. OECD testing methods are chosen based on the properties of each substance.Biodegradability is used to assess the environmental characteristics of decomposition and mineralization by microorganisms of organic substances. The OECD distinguishes between “easy” biodegradability and “intrinsic” biodegradability. OECD testing methods are chosen based on the properties of each substance.Biodegradability is used to assess the environmental characteristics of decomposition and mineralization by microorganisms of organic substances. The OECD distinguishes between “easy” biodegradability and “intrinsic” biodegradability. OECD testing methods are chosen based on the properties of each substance.Biodegradability is used to assess the environmental characteristics of decomposition and mineralization by microorganisms of organic substances. The OECD distinguishes between “easy” biodegradability and “intrinsic” biodegradability. OECD testing methods are chosen based on the properties of each substance.to be completedTo be completedTo be completedTo be completedTo be completedTo be completedTo be completedTo be completedTo be completedTo be completedTo be completedTo be completedTo be completedTo be completedTo be completedTo be completedTo be completedTo be completedTo be completedTo be completedTo be completedTo be completedTo be completedTo be completedTo be completedPlease contact directly the testing laboratory to define the details of these specific studies.To be completedPlease contact directly the testing laboratory to define the details of this assay. To be completedTo be completedTo be completedTo be completedTo be completedTo be completedTo be completedTo be completedTo be completedTo be completedTo be completedTo be completedTo be completedTo be completedTo be completedTo be completedTo be completedTo be completedPlease contact directly the testing laboratory to define the details of these specific studies.Please contact directly the testing laboratory to define the details of this assay. To be completedTo be completedCountingCountingCountingCountingCountingCountingCountingCountingCountingCountingCountingCountingCountingCountingCountingTheoretical analysis: hypothesis that the entire container is solubilised in the contents. It defines critical substances when there is accurate data on material composition. The different materials of the packaging are separated and subjected each to specific incubation conditions (3 hours to 100°C for example). 4 solvents of different polarity are used to isolate extractables and potentially critical migrants. Visual and olfactory assessment of packaging and product variations after specific temperature and duration incubationExposure of packaging materials to physically-chemically defined excipients as close to the container years from normal operating conditions (duration, humidity, temperature) Analysis of interactions with the complete product after specific incubation (temperature, humidity, duration) In acne-prone skin, high levels of testosterone, which is then converted to dihydrotestosterone (DHT) by 5-alpha reductase, leads to an overproduction of sebum. An acne product can restore normal sebum production by specifically targeting 5-alpha reductase. In acne-prone skin, high levels of testosterone, which is then converted to dihydrotestosterone (DHT) by 5-alpha reductase, leads to an overproduction of sebum. An acne product can restore normal sebum production by specifically targeting 5-alpha reductase. To be completedTo be completedTo be completedTo be completedTo be completedEvaluation of the decrease in contamination to levels ensuring the microbial limits established for Categories 1 and 2, after an artificial contamination of the product by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans and Aspergillus brasiliensisMeasurement of water activity in oil, powders and other low water content productsDetection on a non-selective agar of viable microorganisms and the microbial growth inhibitionDetection on a non-selective agar of viable microorganisms and the microbial growth inhibitionEvaluation of the contamination level of the yeast and moulds except pathogens Determination of the DLU (date of minimum durability). Evaluation of the microbiological, chemical, physical stability of the product under specific storage conditions of temperature, humidity and light : laboratory conditions, accelerated conditions or real time conditions of use, specific for each product.Theoritical definition for products durability under 30 months. Evaluation of the microbiological, chemical, physical stability of the product under specific storage conditions of temperature, humidity and light : laboratory conditions, accelerated conditions or real time conditions of use, specific for each product. Please contact directly the testing laboratory to define the details of these specific studies.Please contact directly the testing laboratory to define the details of these specific studies.Please contact directly the testing laboratory to define the details of these specific studies.Please contact directly the testing laboratory to define the details of these specific studies.Please contact directly the testing laboratory to define the details of these specific studies.Please contact directly the testing laboratory to define the details of these specific studies.Please contact directly the testing laboratory to define the details of these specific studies.Please contact directly the testing laboratory to define the details of these specific studies.Please contact directly the testing laboratory to define the details of these specific studies.Please contact directly the testing laboratory to define the details of these specific studies.Please contact directly the testing laboratory to define the details of these specific studies.Please contact directly the testing laboratory to define the details of these specific studies.Please contact directly the testing laboratory to define the details of these specific studies.Please contact directly the testing laboratory to define the details of these specific studies.Please contact directly the testing laboratory to define the details of these specific studies.Please contact directly the testing laboratory to define the details of these specific studies.Please contact directly the testing laboratory to define the details of these specific studies.Please contact directly the testing laboratory to define the details of these specific studies.Please contact directly the testing laboratory to define the details of these specific studies.Please contact directly the testing laboratory to define the details of these specific studies.Please contact directly the testing laboratory to define the details of these specific studies.Please contact directly the testing laboratory to define the details of these specific studies.Please contact directly the testing laboratory to define the details of these specific studies.Please contact directly the testing laboratory to define the details of these specific studies.Please contact directly the testing laboratory to define the details of these specific studies.Please contact directly the testing laboratory to define the details of these specific studies.The HPRT system detects base pair mutations, frameshift mutations, small deletions and insertions.It is a genomic test measuring changes in gene expression of 200 genes relevant to the skin sensitization adverse outcome pathways (AOP).To assess distinction between sensitizing skin products and non- sensitizing skin products to classify and label the dangers of the product in an IATA (Integrated Approaches to Testing and Assessment). cf.OECD TGP 4.106MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5- diphenyltetrazolium bromide; thiazolyl blue) is a water soluble tetrazolium salt yielding a yellowish solution when prepared in media or salt solutions lacking phenol red. Dissolved MTT is converted to an insoluble purple formazan by cleavage of the tetrazolium ring by dehydrogenase enzymes. This water-insoluble formazan can be solubilized using isopropanol or other solvents, and the dissolved material is measured spectrophotometrically using absorbance as a function of concentration of converted dye.Measure of the cellular viability on oral epithelium. Other endpoints other than MTT/Histology are considered: e.g. TEER, LDH release, IL-1a release, ultrastructural analysis by SEM (partnered),…Assessment of the ability of a test chemical to induce cytotoxicity in a RhCE tissue. Tissue viability is measured by enzymatic conversion of the vital dye MTT by the viable cells of the tissue into a blue MTT formazan salt. Genomic Allergen Rapid Detection. Measurement of levels of gene transcripts in human myeloid origin cells. GARDpotency is an add-on to GARDskin, able to cf. OECD TGP 4.106.The goal of the study is to evaluate the potential toxicity of reference compounds on daily exposure. The viability, cytotoxicity and inflammation to small and large airways can be also evaluated.Identification of skin sensitisers and to rank sensitisers according to their potency. It combines viability measurement (MTT-Assay) with the detection of Interleukin-18 secretion from epiCS.This Skin Sensitisation and Potency. It is easy to perform and results strongly correlate with LLNA and human DSA data..To be completedMethod for identifying water soluble ocular corrosives and severe irritants as defined by the UN Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling, Category 1. The assay is performed in a well where a confluent monolayer of Madin-Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) is used as a separation between two chambers. It uses a fluorescein dye as marqueur. The test substance has the potential to impair the junctions of the MDCK cells and thus to increase the monolayer¡¯s permeability. Consequently the fluorescein passes through the monolayer and the fluorescein leakage (FL) increases. This Test method has been designed to provide information on absorption of a test substance, applied to the surface of a skin sample separating the two chambers (a donor chamber and a receptor chamber) of a diffusion cell. Static and flow-through diffusion cells are both acceptable. The application should mimic human exposure, normally 1-5 mg/cm2 of skin for a solid and up to 10 µl/cm2 for liquids.The cleavage product of XTT is soluble in water; a solubilization step is therefore not required. The tetrazolium salt XTT is cleaved to formazan by a complex cellular mechanism. This bioreduction occurs in viable cells only, and is related to NAD(P)H production through glycolysis. The test material (150 µL for liquids or solid with 150 µL of deionised water added on the top) is applied for up to 24 hours to the epidermal surfaces of skin discs (three skin discs are used for each test and control substance) in a two-compartment test system in which the skin discs function as the separation between the compartments. A dye-binding step incorporated into the test procedure permits to determine if the increase in ionic permeability is due to physical destruction of the stratum corneumThe time (in minutes) elapsed between application of the test substance to the membrane barrier and barrier penetration is used to predict the corrosivity of the test substance.The test method utilizes an artificial membrane designed to respond to corrosive substances in a manner similar to animal skin in situ. The test system is composed of two components, a synthetic macromolecular bio-barrier and a Chemical Detection System (which one detect the test substance). This test provides information on the availability by measuring the absorption of a test substance, applied to the surface of a skin sample separating two chambers (a donor chamber and a receptor chamber) of a diffusion cell. Static and flow-through diffusion cells are both acceptable. The NRU assays test eight concentrations of the test substance or the positive control (PC) by diluting the stock test substance solution in log dilutions to cover a large concentration range. This method evaluate cytotoxicity by the relative reduction in viability of cells exposed to the chemical in the presence versus absence of light. Please contact directly the testing laboratory to define the details of these specific studies.Please contact directly the testing laboratory to define the details of these specific studies.Please contact directly the testing laboratory to define the details of these specific studies.To be completedTo be completedTo be completedTo be completedSpontaneous mutations or various factors such as UV radiation can cause cellular DNA damages. Some enzymes normally repair DNA. However, more and more alterations tend to accumulate during skin aging increasing the risk of cancer development. More or less innovative techniques can be used to assess the efficiency and relevance of DNA repair systems in cell cultures or biopsies. To be completedThe analysis of this biomarker is carried out by a specific method whose details will be given to you by the testing laboratory. Please contact them directly.To be completedTo be completedTo be completedTo be completedThe key molecule involved in skin moisture is hyaluronic acid (HA). It corresponds to the main skin extracellular matrix glycosaminoglycan and has unique capacity in retaining water, thus allowing for proper skin suppleness and stiffness. To be completedIn acne-prone skin, hyperkeratinisation correlated with a decrease in the ratio of cytokeratin 1 or 10 to cytokeratin 14 is observed. An anti-acne product should restore a normal ratio.In acne-prone skin, hyperkeratinisation correlated with a decrease in the ratio of cytokeratin 1 or 10 to cytokeratin 14 is observed. An anti-acne product should restore a normal ratio.In acne-prone skin, hyperkeratinisation correlated with a decrease in the ratio of cytokeratin 1 or 10 to cytokeratin 14 is observed. An anti-acne product should restore a normal ratio.Enzymes are used to cleave RNA into a small single-stranded fragment of 21 to 24 long nucleotides. Thus matured, microRNAs can regulate gene expression, by pairing with messenger RNAs carrying a homologous sequence. These are then degraded, or their translation is inhibited. Enzymes are used to cleave RNA into a small single-stranded fragment of 21 to 24 long nucleotides. Thus matured, microRNAs can regulate gene expression, by pairing with messenger RNAs carrying a homologous sequence. These are then degraded, or their translation is inhibited. Enzymes are used to cleave RNA into a small single-stranded fragment of 21 to 24 long nucleotides. Thus matured, microRNAs can regulate gene expression, by pairing with messenger RNAs carrying a homologous sequence. These are then degraded, or their translation is inhibited. Measure of the O2 consumption and the mitochondry activity. Measure of the O2 consumption and the mitochondry activity. Measure of the O2 consumption and the mitochondry activity. Mitochondria is the place of breathing and cellular energy with the conversion of glucose to ATP. This process includes several stages of metabolic reactions, including the "Krebs cycle." Mitochondria is the place of breathing and cellular energy with the conversion of glucose to ATP. This process includes several stages of metabolic reactions, including the "Krebs cycle." Mitochondria is the place of breathing and cellular energy with the conversion of glucose to ATP. This process includes several stages of metabolic reactions, including the "Krebs cycle." Mitochondria is the place of breathing and cellular energy with the conversion of glucose to ATP. This process includes several stages of metabolic reactions, including the "Krebs cycle." Mitochondria is the place of breathing and cellular energy with the conversion of glucose to ATP. This process includes several stages of metabolic reactions, including the "Krebs cycle." Mitochondria is the place of breathing and cellular energy with the conversion of glucose to ATP. This process includes several stages of metabolic reactions, including the "Krebs cycle." Mitochondria is the place of breathing and cellular energy with the conversion of glucose to ATP. This process includes several stages of metabolic reactions, including the "Krebs cycle." Mitochondria is the place of breathing and cellular energy with the conversion of glucose to ATP. This process includes several stages of metabolic reactions, including the "Krebs cycle." Measure of the O2 consumption and the mitochondry activity. The extracellular matrix synthesised by fibroblasts contains carbohydrate macromolecules called glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) which are generally covalently linked to a protein to form proteoglycans. These molecules (especially hyaluronic acid) contribute to the suppleness and firmness of the skin by promoting its hydration. The analysis of this biomarker is carried out by a specific method whose details will be given to you by the testing laboratory. Please contact them directly.Sebaceous gland sensitivity to androgens relies on the presence of AR in sebocytes. Its presence allows the in vitro model used to be validated and anti-acne products can specifically target this receptor to reduce the amount of sebum produced. Sebaceous gland sensitivity to androgens relies on the presence of AR in sebocytes. Its presence allows the in vitro model used to be validated and anti-acne products can specifically target this receptor to reduce the amount of sebum produced. Sebaceous gland sensitivity to androgens relies on the presence of AR in sebocytes. Its presence allows the in vitro model used to be validated and anti-acne products can specifically target this receptor to reduce the amount of sebum produced. Sebaceous gland sensitivity to androgens relies on the presence of AR in sebocytes. Its presence allows the in vitro model used to be validated and anti-acne products can specifically target this receptor to reduce the amount of sebum produced. Aquaporins correspond to channels facilitating the transfer of water and small molecules across cell membranes. During skin ageing, the decreased expression level of genes coding for aquaporins seems to be correlated with the progressive dehydration of the skin. An anti-ageing product will therefore be able to promote skin hydration by maintaining a greater quantity of aquaporins.Aquaporins correspond to channels facilitating the transfer of water and small molecules across cell membranes. During skin ageing, the decreased expression level of genes coding for aquaporins seems to be correlated with the progressive dehydration of the skin. An anti-ageing product will therefore be able to promote skin hydration by maintaining a greater quantity of aquaporins.Aquaporines correspond to channels facilitating the transfer of water and small molecules across cell membranes. During skin ageing, the decreased expression level of genes coding for aquaporins seems to be correlated with the progressive dehydration of the skin. An anti-ageing product will therefore be able to promote skin hydration by maintaining a greater quantity of aquaporins.Characterisation of the visco-elastic properties of skin with Atomic Force Microscopy.To be completedTo be completedTo be completedTo be completedTo be completedTo be completedTo be completedTo be completedTo be completedTo be completedThe blocking capacity of the sweat production of an antiperspirant is measured by studying the interaction between sweat and product. SOD4 and Smart-Pore™ allow us to visualize this phenomenon. Smart-Pore™ is a microfluidic consumable that mimics human sweat pore. SOD4 is a fluid control instrument that mimics sweat production. SOD4 measures in real time the interaction between sweat and the product. It provides information on the kinetics of the formed cap as well as the unblocking pressure required to expel the pore. It is possible to link this unblocking pressure to commercial efficiency claims (24 hours a day). By counting the colonies on agar medium after aerobic incubation, or by checking the absence of bacterial growth after enrichment.Detection on a non-selective liquid of viable microorganisms and the microbial growth inhibitionDetection on a non-selective liquid medium of viable microorganisms and the microbial growth inhibitionDetection on a non-selective liquid medium of viable microorganisms and the microbial growth inhibitionDetection in a non-selective liquid medium of viable microorganisms and the microbial growth inhibition. NF18416. EN18416. ISO18416Genomic methodTo be completedTo be completedTo be completedThe epidermis is a stratified squamous epithelium composed primarily of keratinocytes that undergo sequential changes in gene expression during differentiation. The epidermis is a stratified squamous epithelium composed primarily of keratinocytes that undergo sequential changes in gene expression during differentiation. ColVI exerts different roles in the tissues where it is expressed, spanning from mechanical roles, which are typical of collagen components of the ECM, to more specific cytoprotective functions; these include inhibition of apoptosis and oxidative damage, the regulation of cell differentiation and of the autophagic machinery, and maintenance of cell stemness.ColVI exerts different roles in the tissues where it is expressed, spanning from mechanical roles, which are typical of collagen components of the ECM, to more specific cytoprotective functions; these include inhibition of apoptosis and oxidative damage, the regulation of cell differentiation and of the autophagic machinery, and maintenance of cell stemness.The intercellular lipids are composed of free fatty acids, cholesterol, and ceramides. In conjunction with the other stratum corneum lipids, they form ordered structures. An essential factor is the physical state of the lipid chains in the nonpolar regions of the bilayers.The extracellular matrix synthesised by fibroblasts contains carbohydrate macromolecules called glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) which are generally covalently linked to a protein to form proteoglycans. These molecules (especially hyaluronic acid) contribute to the suppleness and firmness of the skin by promoting its hydration. To be completedNMF is mainly composed of amino acids derived from filaggrin degradation. It is involved in the maintenance of skin hydration, on which the barrier function, the skin suppleness and plasticity, the desquamation process and skin homeostasis depend. During skin aging, the NMF content decreases, thus increasing skin dryness. Confocal microscopy, most frequently confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) or laser confocal scanning microscopy (LCSM), is an optical imaging technique for increasing optical resolution and contrast of a micrograph by means of using a spatial pinhole to block out-of-focus light in image formation. AFM analysis of subcutaneous adipoe tissue taken from an explant and cryosection of this tissueAFM analysis of the physical behaviour of fibroblasts coated upon collagen matrix.AFM imaging of newly-formed cell-cell junctions and mechanical measurements of cell junction stiffness and actin cytoskeleton.Mechanical studies of skin's cells and tissues behaviour under external factors, by studying applied forces.Confocal microscopy, most frequently confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) or laser confocal scanning microscopy (LCSM), is an optical imaging technique for increasing optical resolution and contrast of a micrograph by means of using a spatial pinhole to block out-of-focus light in image formation.Study with AFM of morphometric parameters of collagen network.Visualisation and characterisation of the lipid matrix within the stratum corneum through skin explants with AFM technology.BioMeca visualizes and characterizes organization of collagen network, strength of cell-matrix interaction and cell traction force by Atomic Force Microscopy.Second-harmonic imaging microscopy (SHIM) is based on a nonlinear optical effect known as second-harmonic generation (SHG). SHIM has been established as a viable microscope imaging contrast mechanism for visualization of cell and tissue structure and function. XPolar® technology is an imaging polarization solution for measuring the birefringence of the samples. The birefringence value is measured in each pixel of the image. The method is based on a non-contact technique that does not cause any degradation in the handling of samples. XPolar® technology is an imaging polarization solution for measuring the birefringence of the samples. The birefringence value is measured in each pixel of the image. The method is based on a non-contact technique that does not cause any degradation in the handling of samples. XPolar® technology is an imaging polarization solution for measuring the birefringence of the samples. The birefringence value is measured in each pixel of the image. The method is based on a non-contact technique that does not cause any degradation in the handling of samples. XPolar® technology is an imaging polarization solution for measuring the birefringence of the samples. The birefringence value is measured in each pixel of the image. The method is based on a non-contact technique that does not cause any degradation in the handling of samples. The principle of the trial is to generate intracellular radical species in a controlled way through an induction photo process based on the use of the orange thiazole (TO). The presence of ROS species leads to cellular alteration and an increase in the level of fluorescence.The assay relies on the stimulation of Nrf2 transcription factor and its binding on the Antioxidant Response Element, an enhancer sequence of many genes coding for antioxidant, detoxification and cytoprotective proteins. The increase of gene expression is measured by luminescence. The assay is based on the intracellular presence of a DNA biosensor whose fluorescence increases in presence of H2O2. Decrease or time delayed increase of fluorescence indicates capacity of sample to neutralize (scavenge) H2O2 in a catalase-like reaction. The LUCS technology is based on photo-induction of Thiazole Orange (TO) leading to a fluorescence signal. A fluorescence increase is only observed on cells in homeostasis prior to TO addition. Calculation of the fluorescence ratios before and after LED application leads to an accurate and dose-dependent measurement of the state of cellular damage that follows chemical or physical toxicity induced by the sample.The different skin flora bacterial strains are pre-grown in appropriate conditions. Bacteria are then re-seeded at low optical density [OD] in order to record bacterial growth on a large window of time, which allow to assess the sample protective effect at the beginning of exponentially growing stage and then for the time needed, at least 4h30.When cells are treated with a radical generator such as 2,2'-azobis (2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride [AAPH], peroxyl radicals [ROO.] are produced at the plasma membrane level, triggering transformation of intracellular non-fluorescent DCFH into fluorescent dichlorofluorescein [DCF]. Consequently, a decrease in cellular fluorescence in AAPH-treated cells indicates an antioxidant effect of the sample at the level of ROO.s.The Ocular Irritection® Assay System is a standardized, quantitative in vitro test method which utilizes changes of relevant macromolecules to predict the ocular irritancy of chemicals, mixtures and product formulations. Changes in protein structure induced by the test substance can be easily quantified by measuring the resulting changes in turbidity (OD405) of the reagent solution.The Dermal Irritection® Assay System is a standardized, quantitative in vitro test method which utilizes changes of relevant macromolecules to predict the dermal irritancy of chemicals, mixtures and product formulations. Changes in protein structure induced by the test substance can be easily quantified by measuring the resulting changes in turbidity (OD405) of the reagent solution.A glass vial is filled with a chemical detection liquid, coated with a proprietary bio-barrier membrane. The test sample is applied to the membrane. The speed at which it passes through the membrane correlates with its corrosion potential and is revealed by the speed at which the underlying liquid becomes colored. The test substance is placed in the presence of a bacterial suspension and, after a given time, the survival rate of the bacteria is evaluated. The test substance is placed on a surface formed from a bacterial or fungal suspension and, after a given time, the survival rate of the organisms is evaluated.The test substance is placed on a surface formed from a fungal or yeast suspension and, after a given time, the survival rate of the organisms is evaluated. Search for the genetic signatures of plant species and verification of their identity and authenticity using a DNA sequencer using the Sanger sequencing technique.Traceability of plant raw materials and identification of contamination and fraud on ingredients and finished products. Search for the genetic signatures of plant species and verification of their identity and authenticity using a DNA sequencer using the Sanger sequencing technique.In-vitro evaluation on the packaging of the SPF and UVAPF and critical walenlenght with or without pre-irradiation.Measurement of the protection index and of the critical walenlenght under specific conditions of ageing.The substance to test is first placed in the presence of a bacterial suspension and, after a given time, the survival rate of the bacteria is evaluated. Then, this rate is evaluated after application on hands, instruments or surfaces. The fungicide or yeast killer effect of the product is assessed on Candida albicans and Aspergillus brasiliensis under the following conditions: - Hand rubbing (hand scrub) or hygienic hand washing ; - Friction (surgical hand scrub) or surgical hand washing ; - Disinfection of medical equipment.The product to be tested is applied on the hands previously contaminated with Escherichia coli of volunteers. The survival rate of the bacteria is then evaluated and compared to that obtained with a reference product. The product to be tested is applied on the hands previously contaminated with Escherichia coli of volunteers. The survival rate of the bacteria is then evaluated and compared to that obtained with a reference product. Based on the elements of the asset bibliography, the scientific concept and the desired claims, the choice of the tests and assay supports most relevant to objective and/or enhance the effectiveness of the actives ingredients and finished products. From the choice of biomarkers, analysis methods and testing materials, recommendation of the most suitable providers. Review of protocols, follow-up of the study, processing of raw data and interpretation of results.Based on the results of in-vitro or ex-vivo studies and the most relevant results, reflection on innovative concepts, writing scientific media and storytelling.Alternative toxicity assay to Draize Rabbit Eye test. Visual exam. The CAMVA uses the vascularized membrane of fertile chicken eggs to assess a test material's potential to cause vascular changes (hemorraghing, capillary injection, ghost vessels). Resazurin Assay/HistologyThe TRPV1 channel is a well characterized pain receptor that is present in tissues associated with the eye. This channel can be activated by chemical stimuli (or heat) and is thought to be a general mediator of chemically induced pain on the surface of the eye, which can cause a stinging sensation in a clinical setting. This assay predicts the eye stinging potential of materials, such as cosmetics, sunscreens, surfactants, and ophthalmic products. Rather than classify a test material’s irritation potential into discrete regulatory categories, the ET50 screening protocol allows one to determine the irritation potential for materials covering a wide range of irritation responses from highly irritant materials to those which are extremely well tolerated.The amount of absorption is referred to as molar extinction coefficient (MEC)RSMN is used to evaluate the genotoxicity/mutagenicity potential of the test article to the EpiDerm™ Skin Model. Genotoxicity potential is determined by assessing whether the micronucleus frequency in tissues exposed to the test article showed a statistically significant increase relative to the tissues exposed to the solvent (negative) control. This method is based on the comparison of the Sun Protection Factor (SPF) on a dry then a sweat substrate and the calculation of sweat Skin percentage. The in chemico photo-DPRA incorporates a light exposure step into the standard DPRA protocol to determine if a compound becomes photoreactive in the presence of light.Waiting for informationThis method evaluate photo-cytotoxicity by the relative reduction in viability of cells exposed to the chemical in the presence versus absence of light. Cytotoxicity in this test is expressed as a concentration-dependent reduction of the uptake of the Vital dye Neutral Red (NR) when measured 24 hours after treatment with the test chemical and irradiation. Cell proliferation and differentiation allow to regenerate tissues. At the elderly, the regenerative capacity of the skin decreases, especially because the proportion of stem cells, which are able to multiply, decreases. The suggested methods therefore make it possible to assess the percentage of cells undergoing cell division (dermis and/or epidermis), or the speed at which they multiply. The skin acts as a barrier controlling exchanges between the external environment and the body. This function is maintained by the continuous proliferation and differentiation of keratinocytes. Several markers can be used to determine the differentiation status of keratinocytes. Following a skin lesion, cell migration towards the altered area (keratinocytes, fibroblasts, endothelial cells) allows tissue repair. The speed of healing therefore depends in particular on this migration capacity, which can be measured using various techniques.At the elderly, cell metabolism tends to slow down. At the skin level, this is highlited for example by a decrease in extracellular matrix production by fibroblasts. Various techniques measuring the secretion of molecules (collagen, elastin, etc.) or dosing biosynthesis enzymes make it possible to evaluate the intensity of metabolism. Cell proliferation and differentiation allow to regenerate tissues. At the elderly, the regenerative capacity of the skin decreases, especially because the proportion of stem cells, which are able to multiply, decreases. The suggested methods therefore make it possible to assess the percentage of cells undergoing cell division (dermis and/or epidermis), or the speed at which they multiply. The skin acts as a barrier controlling exchanges between the external environment and the body. This function is maintained by the continuous proliferation and differentiation of keratinocytes. Several markers can be used to determine the differentiation status of keratinocytes. KGF is a growth factor stimulating sebocyte and keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation. In acne-prone skin, overproliferation of keratinocytes and overproduction of sebum related to the proliferation and differentiation of sebocytes are observed. To be completedThe cluster of differentiation 44 (CD44) is on all skin cells. This membrane receptor is involved in cell adhesion and migration, skin inflammation or metastasis, and skin hydration as a key cell receptor for hyaluronic acid.The cluster of differentiation 44 (CD44) is on all skin cells. This membrane receptor is involved in cell adhesion and migration, skin inflammation or metastasis, and skin hydration as a key cell receptor for hyaluronic acid.The intercellular lipids are composed of free fatty acids, cholesterol, and ceramides. In conjunction with the other stratum corneum lipids, they form ordered structures. An essential factor is the physical state of the lipid chains in the nonpolar regions of the bilayers.The intercellular lipids are composed of free fatty acids, cholesterol, and ceramides. In conjunction with the other stratum corneum lipids, they form ordered structures. An essential factor is the physical state of the lipid chains in the nonpolar regions of the bilayers.Certification by a toxicologist that the product is safe for human health when used under normal or reasonably foreseeable conditions of useThe safety is evaluated on the basis of the relevant information according to Annex I of the regulation (EC) n°1223/2009.Compliance with the Part B of the Product Information File (PIF).Literature search. Advice in the choice of tests to be conducted in silico or in vitro to confirm the safety of products. Expertise in formula analysis. Advice in cosmetovigilance.Specific protocol developed by each laboratory. Safety Data Sheets [SDS] gather information on the safety of substances and mixtures and on hazards to the environment and human health, and on safety precautions.Analysis and advice in the valorization of the results of in-vitro or in-vivo evaluation studies.At the elderly, cell metabolism tends to slow down. At the skin level, this is highlited for example by a decrease in extracellular matrix production by fibroblasts. Various techniques measuring the secretion of molecules (collagen, elastin, etc.) or dosing biosynthesis enzymes make it possible to evaluate the intensity of metabolism. Following a skin lesion, cell migration towards the altered area (keratinocytes, fibroblasts, endothelial cells) allows tissue repair. The speed of healing therefore depends in particular on this migration capacity, which can be measured using various techniques.Cell proliferation and differentiation allow to regenerate tissues. At the elderly, the regenerative capacity of the skin decreases, especially because the proportion of stem cells, which are able to multiply, decreases. The suggested methods therefore make it possible to assess the percentage of cells undergoing cell division (dermis and/or epidermis), or the speed at which they multiply. The skin acts as a barrier controlling exchanges between the external environment and the body. This function is maintained by the continuous proliferation and differentiation of keratinocytes. Several markers can be used to determine the differentiation status of keratinocytes. Following a skin lesion, cell migration towards the altered area (keratinocytes, fibroblasts, endothelial cells) allows tissue repair. The speed of healing therefore depends in particular on this migration capacity, which can be measured using various techniques.At the elderly, cell metabolism tends to slow down. At the skin level, this is highlited for example by a decrease in extracellular matrix production by fibroblasts. Various techniques measuring the secretion of molecules (collagen, elastin, etc.) or dosing biosynthesis enzymes make it possible to evaluate the intensity of metabolism. At the elderly, cell metabolism tends to slow down. At the skin level, this is highlited for example by a decrease in extracellular matrix production by fibroblasts. Various techniques measuring the secretion of molecules (collagen, elastin, etc.) or dosing biosynthesis enzymes make it possible to evaluate the intensity of metabolism. The analysis of this biomarker is carried out by a specific method whose details will be given to you by the testing laboratory. Please contact them directly.ColVI exerts different roles in the tissues where it is expressed, spanning from mechanical roles, which are typical of collagen components of the ECM, to more specific cytoprotective functions; these include inhibition of apoptosis and oxidative damage, the regulation of cell differentiation and of the autophagic machinery, and maintenance of cell stemness.In acne-prone skin, the IA strain of P. acnes is more abundant and stimulates the production of IGF-1 by keratinocytes. An anti-acne product can reduce this production, which is correlated with keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation.To be completedTo be completedTo be completedSLC3A2 is an integrin coreceptor that has been shown to maintain (1) collagen and elastin fiber length and reticulation (2) consequently elastic modulus which gives skin stiffness and (3) a proper TGFbeta location and activation but also (4) sphingolipid metabolism which is involved in mechanosensing signalling. As SLCA3A2 is decreased during skin aging it represents a relevant target to treat aging skin.KN motif and Ankyrin repeat domain containing protein 4 (KANK4) is expressed in papillary fibroblasts at an increased level in both chronologically-aged and photo-damaged skin. Inhibiting this molecule allows to reduce fibroblast contractility which tends to increase with skin aging. Resulting from a mutation of Lamin A protein, Progerin is known to induce a premature aging disease called Progeria. Progerin is also accumulated in skin cells during natural skin aging, thus inducing cell proliferation decrease and cell senescence stimulation. Targeting Progerin may therefore be of great interest to slow down skin aging.TGFβ is involved in various skin processes: epidermis differentiation, extracellular matrix formation and maintenance, wound healing, maintenance of skin-resident immune cells, etc... During skin ageing, the expression level of TGFβ tends to decrease, leading to a greater skin fragility.