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Enzymatic reactionDetermination of the cytotoxicity after contact of the test element. The assay is based on the ability of viable cells to incorporate and bind the supravital neutral red dye in the lysosomes.Early stage fertile hens eggs are used to determine if a substance is a severe ocular irritant or corrosive. Effects are measured by the onset of (1) hemorrhage; (2) coagulation; and (3) vessel lysis.Because early stage eggs are used this test is considered a non-animal test. Semi-quantitative assessment of the cytotoxicity (loss of viable cells) due to a test product after diffusion on agarose gel in contact with a fibroblasts monolayer. MTT, a yellow tetrazole dye that is reduced to an insoluble purple formazan product by the mitochondria of living cells, is used to evaluate cells viability.Assessment of the ability of a test chemical to induce cytotoxicity in a RhCE tissue. Tissue viability is measured by enzymatic conversion of the vital dye MTT by the viable cells of the tissue into a blue MTT formazan salt. Assessment of the ability of a test chemical to induce cytotoxicity in a RhCE tissue. Tissue viability is measured by enzymatic conversion of the vital dye MTT by the viable cells of the tissue into a blue MTT formazan salt. The method provides a UV spectral absorbance curve from which the UVA Protection Factor (UVA-PF) is determined.Test on reconstructed human epidermis (RHE). The cellular viability is measured by the the enzymatic change of the MTT colorant in the blue Formazan salt, measured after the tissue extraction.An adequate substrate on which the product has been spread is used. Measures are made by means of a spectrophotometric method.A UV spectral absorbance curve allows us to determine the Critical Wavelength (CW).This test is based upon an in vitro spectrophotometric measurement technique. After that, the product may be labeled as «Broad Spectrum» with SPF value on the front label.The present dynamic method measures photo-stability based on the residual efficacies of UVA+B parts in a formula.This method consists in evaluating the IR protection levels expressed by the IR-CW (UV/VIS/IR balance) and the % IR (percentage of intensity of IR protection) from a sunscreen product through the full spectrum (from 290 nm to 2500 nm) measured by means of a spectrophotometric methodThis method consists in evaluating the Blue Light protection levels expressed by the BL-CW (UV/VIS balance) and the % BL (percentage of intensity of BL protection) from a sunscreen product through the spectrum (from 290 nm to 500 nm) measured by means of a spectrophotometric method. The method consists in assessing the Sun Protection Factor (SPF) before and after water immersion. The method consists in assessing the Sun Protection Factor (SPF) before and after double water immersions.Realisation of an automated textile rubbing on surface substrates with a controled pressure, speed and time. This method is based on the comparison of the Sun Protection Factor (SPF) on a dry then a wet substrate and the calculation of Wet Skin percentage. A spectrophotometric method, if the sunscreen product preserves its UV protection in extreme conditions.An adequate substrate on which the product has been spread is used. Measures are made by means of a spectrophotometric method.The method is based upon an in vitro spectrophotometric measurement technique in which the tested product is spread using adequate substrate.A test product is put in contact with calves’ corneas. The measurement of the opacity and permeability of the corneas to fluorescein is used to evaluate the corneal damage and, therefore, the irritant potential of the test product.The test substance is applied on the cornea of an enucleated chicken eye’s. Toxic effects to the cornea are measured through several parameters.The test substance is put in contact with a confluent monolayer of Statens Seruminstitut Rabbit Cornea (SIRC) cells. After five minutes, cytotoxicity is measured.to be completedThe test product is put in contact with a water-insoluble protein, zein protein, obtained from yellow corn, that is similar to keratin present in the skin and hair. Zein protein solubilization (= denaturation) gives information about the test product : the irritation potential of the product is directly proportional to the quantity of dissolved (denaturated) proteins.The test material (solid or liquid) is applied uniformly and topically to a three-dimensional human skin model. Corrosive materials are identified by their ability to produce a decrease in cell viability below defined threshold levels at specified exposure periods. https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/fr/environment/test-no-431-in-vitro-skin-corrosion-human-skin-model-test_9789264071148-enThis method evaluate photo-cytotoxicity by the relative reduction in viability of cells exposed to the chemical in the presence versus absence of light. Cytotoxicity in this test is expressed as a concentration-dependent reduction of the uptake of the Vital dye Neutral Red (NR) when measured 24 hours after treatment with the test chemical and irradiation. https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/fr/environment/test-no-432-in-vitro-3t3-nru-phototoxicity-test_9789264071162-enThe acute toxic response is defined after the first exposure of the reconstructed skin model to certain chemicals and subsequent exposure to light. The DPRA is proposed to address the molecular initiating event leading to the skin sensitisation, namely protein reactivity, by quantifying the reactivity of test chemicals towards model synthetic peptides containing either lysine or cysteine. https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/fr/environment/test-no-442c-in-chemico-skin-sensitisation_9789264229709-enThe luciferase signal reflects the activation by sensitisers of endogenous Nrf2 dependent genes. This allows quantitative measurement (by luminescence detection) of luciferase gene induction, using well established light producing luciferase substrates, as an indicator of the activity of the Nrf2 transcription factor in cells following exposure to electrophilic test substances. : KeratinoSens or LuSens. https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/fr/environment/test-no-442d-in-vitro-skin-sensitisation_9789264229822-en.These test methods either quantify the change in the expression of cell surface marker(s) associated with the process of activation of monocytes and DC following exposure to sensitisers (e.g. CD54, CD86) or the changes in IL-8 expression, a cytokine associated with the activation of DC. https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/fr/environment/test-no-442e-in-vitro-skin-sensitisation_9789264264359-enQuantitatively measurement quantitatively the over expression of 62 specific biomarkers of skin sensitization and irritation by RT-PCRBacterial Reverse Mutation Test. The bacterial reverse mutation test detects point mutations by base substitutions or frameshifts.The assay detects the activity of clastogenic and aneugenic test substances in cells that have undergone cell division during or after exposure to the test substance.Cytotoxicity is determined by measuring the relative cloning efficiency (survival) or relative total growth of the cultures after the treatment period. Tests Using the Thymidine Kinase Gene.Purpose : identify agents that cause structural chromosome aberrations (chromosome or chromatid aberrations) in cultured mammalian somatic cells. Cell cultures are exposed to at least three concentrations of the test substance. At predetermined intervals after exposure, metaphase cells are analysed microscopically for the presence of chromosome aberrations. Caspase-14 a member of the caspase family of cysteine proteases, is almost exclusively expressed in the epidermis ; it is detected in the upper spinous and, most strongly, in the granular layer of human epidermis, as well as in the stratum corneum. Caspase-14 is converted from a catalytically inactive proenzyme into the active enzyme, which is present in high amount in human stratum corneum. It can be involved in the establishment or maturation of corneodesmosomes, the cornified envelope and keratin filaments. It might also be implicated in the maturation of keratohyalin and trichohyalin granules.Caspase-14 a member of the caspase family of cysteine proteases, is almost exclusively expressed in the epidermis ; it is detected in the upper spinous and, most strongly, in the granular layer of human epidermis, as well as in the stratum corneum. Caspase-14 is converted from a catalytically inactive proenzyme into the active enzyme, which is present in high amount in human stratum corneum. It can be involved in the establishment or maturation of corneodesmosomes, the cornified envelope and keratin filaments. It might also be implicated in the maturation of keratohyalin and trichohyalin granules.Caspase-14 a member of the caspase family of cysteine proteases, is almost exclusively expressed in the epidermis ; it is detected in the upper spinous and, most strongly, in the granular layer of human epidermis, as well as in the stratum corneum. Caspase-14 is converted from a catalytically inactive proenzyme into the active enzyme, which is present in high amount in human stratum corneum. It can be involved in the establishment or maturation of corneodesmosomes, the cornified envelope and keratin filaments. 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Please contact them directly.To be completedThe analysis of this biomarker is carried out by a specific method whose details will be given to you by the testing laboratory. Please contact them directly.Polysaccharides are glycosaminoglycans (GAG) which are coquently narratives to a protein for the former proteoglycans.The analysis of this biomarker is carried out by a specific method whose details will be given to you by the testing laboratory. Please contact them directly.To be completedTo be completedTo be completedThe analysis of this biomarker is carried out by a specific method whose details will be given to you by the testing laboratory. Please contact them directly.To be completedTo be completedTo be completedThe analysis of this biomarker is carried out by a specific method whose details will be given to you by the testing laboratory. 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Please contact them directly.To be completedThe analysis of this biomarker is carried out by a specific method whose details will be given to you by the testing laboratory. Please contact them directly.Please contact directly the testing laboratory to define the details of these specific studies.Please contact directly the testing laboratory to define the details of this assay.Please contact directly the testing laboratory to define the details of this assay.Please contact directly the testing laboratory to define the details of these specific studies.Please contact directly the testing laboratory to define the details of this assay.Please contact directly the testing laboratory to define the details of these specific studies.The analysis of this biomarker is carried out by a specific method whose details will be given to you by the testing laboratory. Please contact them directly.To be completedTo be completedTo be completedThe analysis of this biomarker is carried out by a specific method whose details will be given to you by the testing laboratory. Please contact them directly.To be completedTo be completedTo be completedThe analysis of this biomarker is carried out by a specific method whose details will be given to you by the testing laboratory. Please contact them directly.To be completedTo be completedTo be completedThe analysis of this biomarker is carried out by a specific method whose details will be given to you by the testing laboratory. Please contact them directly.To be completedTo be completedTo be completedThe analysis of this biomarker is carried out by a specific method whose details will be given to you by the testing laboratory. Please contact them directly.To be completedTo be completedTo be completedThe analysis of this biomarker is carried out by a specific method whose details will be given to you by the testing laboratory. Please contact them directly.To be completedTo be completedThe analysis of this biomarker is carried out by a specific method whose details will be given to you by the testing laboratory. Please contact them directly.To be completedTo be completedThe analysis of this biomarker is carried out by a specific method whose details will be given to you by the testing laboratory. Please contact them directly.Please contact directly the testing laboratory to define the details of this assayPlease contact directly the testing laboratory to define the details of these specific studies.To be completedThe analysis of this biomarker is carried out by a specific method whose details will be given to you by the testing laboratory. Please contact them directly.Please contact directly the testing laboratory to define the details of this assay.Please contact directly the testing laboratory to define the details of this assay.To be completedTo be completedTo be completedThe analysis of this biomarker is carried out by a specific method whose details will be given to you by the testing laboratory. Please contact them directly.The analysis of this biomarker is carried out by a specific method whose details will be given to you by the testing laboratory. Please contact them directly.Biodegradability is used to assess the environmental characteristics of decomposition and mineralization by microorganisms of organic substances. The OECD distinguishes between “easy” biodegradability and “intrinsic” biodegradability. OECD testing methods are chosen based on the properties of each substance.Biodegradability is used to assess the environmental characteristics of decomposition and mineralization by microorganisms of organic substances. The OECD distinguishes between “easy” biodegradability and “intrinsic” biodegradability. OECD testing methods are chosen based on the properties of each substance.Biodegradability is used to assess the environmental characteristics of decomposition and mineralization by microorganisms of organic substances. The OECD distinguishes between “easy” biodegradability and “intrinsic” biodegradability. OECD testing methods are chosen based on the properties of each substance.Biodegradability is used to assess the environmental characteristics of decomposition and mineralization by microorganisms of organic substances. The OECD distinguishes between “easy” biodegradability and “intrinsic” biodegradability. OECD testing methods are chosen based on the properties of each substance.Biodegradability is used to assess the environmental characteristics of decomposition and mineralization by microorganisms of organic substances. The OECD distinguishes between “easy” biodegradability and “intrinsic” biodegradability. OECD testing methods are chosen based on the properties of each substance.To be completedto be completedTo be completedTo be completedTo be completedTo be completedTo be completedTo be completedTo be completedTo be completedTo be completedTo be completedTo be completedTo be completedTo be completedTo be completedTo be completedTo be completedTo be completedTo be completedTo be completedTo be completedTo be completedTo be completedTo be completedTo be completedPlease contact directly the testing laboratory to define the details of these specific studies.To be completedPlease contact directly the testing laboratory to define the details of this assay. To be completedTo be completedTo be completedTo be completedTo be completedTo be completedTo be completedTo be completedTo be completedTo be completedTo be completedTo be completedTo be completedTo be completedTo be completedTo be completedTo be completedTo be completedPlease contact directly the testing laboratory to define the details of these specific studies.Please contact directly the testing laboratory to define the details of this assay. To be completedTo be completedCountingCountingCountingCountingCountingCountingCountingCountingCountingCountingCountingCountingCountingCountingCountingTheoretical analysis: hypothesis that the entire container is solubilised in the contents. It defines critical substances when there is accurate data on material composition. The different materials of the packaging are separated and subjected each to specific incubation conditions (3 hours to 100°C for example). 4 solvents of different polarity are used to isolate extractables and potentially critical migrants. Visual and olfactory assessment of packaging and product variations after specific temperature and duration incubationExposure of packaging materials to physically-chemically defined excipients as close to the container years from normal operating conditions (duration, humidity, temperature) Analysis of interactions with the complete product after specific incubation (temperature, humidity, duration) The analysis of this biomarker is carried out by a specific method whose details will be given to you by the testing laboratory. Please contact them directly.To be completedTo be completedTo be completedTo be completedTo be completedEvaluation of the decrease in contamination to levels ensuring the microbial limits established for Categories 1 and 2, after an artificial contamination of the product by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans and Aspergillus brasiliensisMeasurement of water activity in oil, powders and other low water content productsDetection on a non-selective agar of viable microorganisms and the microbial growth inhibitionDetection on a non-selective agar of viable microorganisms and the microbial growth inhibitionEvaluation of the contamination level of the yeast and moulds except pathogens Determination of the DLU (date of minimum durability). Evaluation of the microbiological, chemical, physical stability of the product under specific storage conditions of temperature, humidity and light : laboratory conditions, accelerated conditions or real time conditions of use, specific for each product.Theoritical definition for products durability under 30 months. Evaluation of the microbiological, chemical, physical stability of the product under specific storage conditions of temperature, humidity and light : laboratory conditions, accelerated conditions or real time conditions of use, specific for each product. Please contact directly the testing laboratory to define the details of these specific studies.Please contact directly the testing laboratory to define the details of these specific studies.Please contact directly the testing laboratory to define the details of these specific studies.Please contact directly the testing laboratory to define the details of these specific studies.Please contact directly the testing laboratory to define the details of these specific studies.Please contact directly the testing laboratory to define the details of these specific studies.Please contact directly the testing laboratory to define the details of these specific studies.Please contact directly the testing laboratory to define the details of these specific studies.Please contact directly the testing laboratory to define the details of these specific studies.Please contact directly the testing laboratory to define the details of these specific studies.Please contact directly the testing laboratory to define the details of these specific studies.Please contact directly the testing laboratory to define the details of these specific studies.Please contact directly the testing laboratory to define the details of these specific studies.Please contact directly the testing laboratory to define the details of these specific studies.Please contact directly the testing laboratory to define the details of these specific studies.Please contact directly the testing laboratory to define the details of these specific studies.Please contact directly the testing laboratory to define the details of these specific studies.Please contact directly the testing laboratory to define the details of these specific studies.Please contact directly the testing laboratory to define the details of these specific studies.Please contact directly the testing laboratory to define the details of these specific studies.Please contact directly the testing laboratory to define the details of these specific studies.Please contact directly the testing laboratory to define the details of these specific studies.Please contact directly the testing laboratory to define the details of these specific studies.Please contact directly the testing laboratory to define the details of these specific studies.Please contact directly the testing laboratory to define the details of these specific studies.Please contact directly the testing laboratory to define the details of these specific studies.The HPRT system detects base pair mutations, frameshift mutations, small deletions and insertions.It is a genomic test measuring changes in gene expression of 200 genes relevant to the skin sensitization adverse outcome pathways (AOP).To assess distinction between sensitizing skin products and non- sensitizing skin products to classify and label the dangers of the product in an IATA (Integrated Approaches to Testing and Assessment). cf.OECD TGP 4.106MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5- diphenyltetrazolium bromide; thiazolyl blue) is a water soluble tetrazolium salt yielding a yellowish solution when prepared in media or salt solutions lacking phenol red. Dissolved MTT is converted to an insoluble purple formazan by cleavage of the tetrazolium ring by dehydrogenase enzymes. This water-insoluble formazan can be solubilized using isopropanol or other solvents, and the dissolved material is measured spectrophotometrically using absorbance as a function of concentration of converted dye.Measure of the cellular viability on oral epithelium. Other endpoints other than MTT/Histology are considered: e.g. TEER, LDH release, IL-1a release, ultrastructural analysis by SEM (partnered),…Assessment of the ability of a test chemical to induce cytotoxicity in a RhCE tissue. Tissue viability is measured by enzymatic conversion of the vital dye MTT by the viable cells of the tissue into a blue MTT formazan salt. Genomic Allergen Rapid Detection. Measurement of levels of gene transcripts in human myeloid origin cells. GARDpotency is an add-on to GARDskin, able to cf. OECD TGP 4.106.The goal of the study is to evaluate the potential toxicity of reference compounds on daily exposure. Identification of skin sensitisers and to rank sensitisers according to their potency. It combines viability measurement (MTT-Assay) with the detection of Interleukin-18 secretion from epiCS.This Skin Sensitisation and Potency. It is easy to perform and results strongly correlate with LLNA and human DSA data..To be completedMethod for identifying water soluble ocular corrosives and severe irritants as defined by the UN Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling, Category 1. The assay is performed in a well where a confluent monolayer of Madin-Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) is used as a separation between two chambers. It uses a fluorescein dye as marqueur. The test substance has the potential to impair the junctions of the MDCK cells and thus to increase the monolayer¡¯s permeability. Consequently the fluorescein passes through the monolayer and the fluorescein leakage (FL) increases. This Test method has been designed to provide information on absorption of a test substance, applied to the surface of a skin sample separating the two chambers (a donor chamber and a receptor chamber) of a diffusion cell. Static and flow-through diffusion cells are both acceptable. The application should mimic human exposure, normally 1-5 mg/cm2 of skin for a solid and up to 10 µl/cm2 for liquids.The cleavage product of XTT is soluble in water; a solubilization step is therefore not required. The tetrazolium salt XTT is cleaved to formazan by a complex cellular mechanism. This bioreduction occurs in viable cells only, and is related to NAD(P)H production through glycolysis. The test material (150 µL for liquids or solid with 150 µL of deionised water added on the top) is applied for up to 24 hours to the epidermal surfaces of skin discs (three skin discs are used for each test and control substance) in a two-compartment test system in which the skin discs function as the separation between the compartments. A dye-binding step incorporated into the test procedure permits to determine if the increase in ionic permeability is due to physical destruction of the stratum corneumThe time (in minutes) elapsed between application of the test substance to the membrane barrier and barrier penetration is used to predict the corrosivity of the test substance.The test method utilizes an artificial membrane designed to respond to corrosive substances in a manner similar to animal skin in situ. The test system is composed of two components, a synthetic macromolecular bio-barrier and a Chemical Detection System (which one detect the test substance). This test provides information on the availability by measuring the absorption of a test substance, applied to the surface of a skin sample separating two chambers (a donor chamber and a receptor chamber) of a diffusion cell. Static and flow-through diffusion cells are both acceptable. The NRU assays test eight concentrations of the test substance or the positive control (PC) by diluting the stock test substance solution in log dilutions to cover a large concentration range. This method evaluate cytotoxicity by the relative reduction in viability of cells exposed to the chemical in the presence versus absence of light. Please contact directly the testing laboratory to define the details of these specific studies.Please contact directly the testing laboratory to define the details of these specific studies.Please contact directly the testing laboratory to define the details of these specific studies.To be completedTo be completedTo be completedTo be completedTo be completedTo be completedThe analysis of this biomarker is carried out by a specific method whose details will be given to you by the testing laboratory. Please contact them directly.To be completedTo be completedTo be completedTo be completedTo be completedTo be completedTo be completedTo be completedTo be completedEnzymes are used to cleave RNA into a small single-stranded fragment of 21 to 24 long nucleotides. Thus matured, microRNAs can regulate gene expression, by pairing with messenger RNAs carrying a homologous sequence. These are then degraded, or their translation is inhibited. Enzymes are used to cleave RNA into a small single-stranded fragment of 21 to 24 long nucleotides. Thus matured, microRNAs can regulate gene expression, by pairing with messenger RNAs carrying a homologous sequence. These are then degraded, or their translation is inhibited. Enzymes are used to cleave RNA into a small single-stranded fragment of 21 to 24 long nucleotides. Thus matured, microRNAs can regulate gene expression, by pairing with messenger RNAs carrying a homologous sequence. These are then degraded, or their translation is inhibited. Measure of the O2 consumption and the mitochondry activity. Measure of the O2 consumption and the mitochondry activity. Measure of the O2 consumption and the mitochondry activity. Mitochondria is the place of breathing and cellular energy with the conversion of glucose to ATP. This process includes several stages of metabolic reactions, including the "Krebs cycle." Mitochondria is the place of breathing and cellular energy with the conversion of glucose to ATP. This process includes several stages of metabolic reactions, including the "Krebs cycle." Mitochondria is the place of breathing and cellular energy with the conversion of glucose to ATP. This process includes several stages of metabolic reactions, including the "Krebs cycle." Mitochondria is the place of breathing and cellular energy with the conversion of glucose to ATP. This process includes several stages of metabolic reactions, including the "Krebs cycle." Mitochondria is the place of breathing and cellular energy with the conversion of glucose to ATP. This process includes several stages of metabolic reactions, including the "Krebs cycle." Mitochondria is the place of breathing and cellular energy with the conversion of glucose to ATP. This process includes several stages of metabolic reactions, including the "Krebs cycle." Mitochondria is the place of breathing and cellular energy with the conversion of glucose to ATP. This process includes several stages of metabolic reactions, including the "Krebs cycle." Mitochondria is the place of breathing and cellular energy with the conversion of glucose to ATP. This process includes several stages of metabolic reactions, including the "Krebs cycle." Measure of the O2 consumption and the mitochondry activity. The analysis of this biomarker is carried out by a specific method whose details will be given to you by the testing laboratory. Please contact them directly.The analysis of this biomarker is carried out by a specific method whose details will be given to you by the testing laboratory. Please contact them directly.To be completedThe analysis of this biomarker is carried out by a specific method whose details will be given to you by the testing laboratory. Please contact them directly.The analysis of this biomarker is carried out by a specific method whose details will be given to you by the testing laboratory. Please contact them directly.To be completedTo be completedTo be completedTo be completedCharacterisation of the visco-elastic properties of skin with Atomic Force Microscopy.To be completedTo be completedTo be completedTo be completedTo be completedTo be completedTo be completedTo be completedTo be completedTo be completedThe blocking capacity of the sweat production of an antiperspirant is measured by studying the interaction between sweat and product. SOD4 and Smart-Pore™ allow us to visualize this phenomenon. Smart-Pore™ is a microfluidic consumable that mimics human sweat pore. SOD4 is a fluid control instrument that mimics sweat production. SOD4 measures in real time the interaction between sweat and the product. It provides information on the kinetics of the formed cap as well as the unblocking pressure required to expel the pore. It is possible to link this unblocking pressure to commercial efficiency claims (24 hours a day). By counting the colonies on agar medium after aerobic incubation, or by checking the absence of bacterial growth after enrichment.Detection on a non-selective liquid of viable microorganisms and the microbial growth inhibitionDetection on a non-selective liquid medium of viable microorganisms and the microbial growth inhibitionDetection on a non-selective liquid medium of viable microorganisms and the microbial growth inhibitionDetection in a non-selective liquid medium of viable microorganisms and the microbial growth inhibition. NF18416. EN18416. ISO18416Genomic methodTo be completedTo be completedTo be completedThe epidermis is a stratified squamous epithelium composed primarily of keratinocytes that undergo sequential changes in gene expression during differentiation. The epidermis is a stratified squamous epithelium composed primarily of keratinocytes that undergo sequential changes in gene expression during differentiation. ColVI exerts different roles in the tissues where it is expressed, spanning from mechanical roles, which are typical of collagen components of the ECM, to more specific cytoprotective functions; these include inhibition of apoptosis and oxidative damage, the regulation of cell differentiation and of the autophagic machinery, and maintenance of cell stemness.ColVI exerts different roles in the tissues where it is expressed, spanning from mechanical roles, which are typical of collagen components of the ECM, to more specific cytoprotective functions; these include inhibition of apoptosis and oxidative damage, the regulation of cell differentiation and of the autophagic machinery, and maintenance of cell stemness.The intercellular lipids are composed of free fatty acids, cholesterol, and ceramides. In conjunction with the other stratum corneum lipids, they form ordered structures. An essential factor is the physical state of the lipid chains in the nonpolar regions of the bilayers.Polysaccharides are glycosaminoglycans (GAG) which are coquently narratives to a protein for the former proteoglycans.To be completedTo be completedConfocal microscopy, most frequently confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) or laser confocal scanning microscopy (LCSM), is an optical imaging technique for increasing optical resolution and contrast of a micrograph by means of using a spatial pinhole to block out-of-focus light in image formation. AFM analysis of subcutaneous adipoe tissue taken from an explant and cryosection of this tissueAFM analysis of the physical behaviour of fibroblasts coated upon collagen matrix.AFM imaging of newly-formed cell-cell junctions and mechanical measurements of cell junction stiffness and actin cytoskeleton.Mechanical studies of skin's cells and tissues behaviour under external factors, by studying applied forces.Confocal microscopy, most frequently confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) or laser confocal scanning microscopy (LCSM), is an optical imaging technique for increasing optical resolution and contrast of a micrograph by means of using a spatial pinhole to block out-of-focus light in image formation.Study with AFM of morphometric parameters of collagen network.Visualisation and characterisation of the lipid matrix within the stratum corneum through skin explants with AFM technology.BioMeca visualizes and characterizes organization of collagen network, strength of cell-matrix interaction and cell traction force by Atomic Force Microscopy.Second-harmonic imaging microscopy (SHIM) is based on a nonlinear optical effect known as second-harmonic generation (SHG). SHIM has been established as a viable microscope imaging contrast mechanism for visualization of cell and tissue structure and function. XPolar® technology is an imaging polarization solution for measuring the birefringence of the samples. The birefringence value is measured in each pixel of the image. The method is based on a non-contact technique that does not cause any degradation in the handling of samples. XPolar® technology is an imaging polarization solution for measuring the birefringence of the samples. The birefringence value is measured in each pixel of the image. The method is based on a non-contact technique that does not cause any degradation in the handling of samples. XPolar® technology is an imaging polarization solution for measuring the birefringence of the samples. The birefringence value is measured in each pixel of the image. The method is based on a non-contact technique that does not cause any degradation in the handling of samples. XPolar® technology is an imaging polarization solution for measuring the birefringence of the samples. The birefringence value is measured in each pixel of the image. The method is based on a non-contact technique that does not cause any degradation in the handling of samples. The principle of the trial is to generate intracellular radical species in a controlled way through an induction photo process based on the use of the orange thiazole (TO). The presence of ROS species leads to cellular alteration and an increase in the level of fluorescence.The assay relies on the stimulation of Nrf2 transcription factor and its binding on the Antioxidant Response Element, an enhancer sequence of many genes coding for antioxidant, detoxification and cytoprotective proteins. The increase of gene expression is measured by luminescence. The assay is based on the intracellular presence of a DNA biosensor whose fluorescence increases in presence of H2O2. Decrease or time delayed increase of fluorescence indicates capacity of sample to neutralize (scavenge) H2O2 in a catalase-like reaction. The LUCS technology is based on photo-induction of Thiazole Orange (TO) leading to a fluorescence signal. A fluorescence increase is only observed on cells in homeostasis prior to TO addition. Calculation of the fluorescence ratios before and after LED application leads to an accurate and dose-dependent measurement of the state of cellular damage that follows chemical or physical toxicity induced by the sample.The different skin flora bacterial strains are pre-grown in appropriate conditions. Bacteria are then re-seeded at low optical density [OD] in order to record bacterial growth on a large window of time, which allow to assess the sample protective effect at the beginning of exponentially growing stage and then for the time needed, at least 4h30.When cells are treated with a radical generator such as 2,2'-azobis (2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride [AAPH], peroxyl radicals [ROO.] are produced at the plasma membrane level, triggering transformation of intracellular non-fluorescent DCFH into fluorescent dichlorofluorescein [DCF]. Consequently, a decrease in cellular fluorescence in AAPH-treated cells indicates an antioxidant effect of the sample at the level of ROO.s.The Ocular Irritection® Assay System is a standardized, quantitative in vitro test method which utilizes changes of relevant macromolecules to predict the ocular irritancy of chemicals, mixtures and product formulations. Changes in protein structure induced by the test substance can be easily quantified by measuring the resulting changes in turbidity (OD405) of the reagent solution.The Dermal Irritection® Assay System is a standardized, quantitative in vitro test method which utilizes changes of relevant macromolecules to predict the dermal irritancy of chemicals, mixtures and product formulations. Changes in protein structure induced by the test substance can be easily quantified by measuring the resulting changes in turbidity (OD405) of the reagent solution.A glass vial is filled with a chemical detection liquid, coated with a proprietary bio-barrier membrane. The test sample is applied to the membrane. The speed at which it passes through the membrane correlates with its corrosion potential and is revealed by the speed at which the underlying liquid becomes colored. The test substance is placed in the presence of a bacterial suspension and, after a given time, the survival rate of the bacteria is evaluated. The test substance is placed on a surface formed from a bacterial or fungal suspension and, after a given time, the survival rate of the organisms is evaluated.The test substance is placed on a surface formed from a fungal or yeast suspension and, after a given time, the survival rate of the organisms is evaluated. Search for the genetic signatures of plant species and verification of their identity and authenticity using a DNA sequencer using the Sanger sequencing technique.Traceability of plant raw materials and identification of contamination and fraud on ingredients and finished products. Search for the genetic signatures of plant species and verification of their identity and authenticity using a DNA sequencer using the Sanger sequencing technique.In-vitro evaluation on the packaging of the SPF and UVAPF and critical walenlenght with or without pre-irradiation.Measurement of the protection index and of the critical walenlenght under specific conditions of ageing.The substance to test is first placed in the presence of a bacterial suspension and, after a given time, the survival rate of the bacteria is evaluated. Then, this rate is evaluated after application on hands, instruments or surfaces. The fungicide or yeast killer effect of the product is assessed on Candida albicans and Aspergillus brasiliensis under the following conditions: - Hand rubbing (hand scrub) or hygienic hand washing ; - Friction (surgical hand scrub) or surgical hand washing ; - Disinfection of medical equipment.The product to be tested is applied on the hands previously contaminated with Escherichia coli of volunteers. The survival rate of the bacteria is then evaluated and compared to that obtained with a reference product. The product to be tested is applied on the hands previously contaminated with Escherichia coli of volunteers. The survival rate of the bacteria is then evaluated and compared to that obtained with a reference product.